keretakan

- retak adalah terdapatnya sebarang serpihan atau garisan pembukaan pada tulang

antara contoh retak dan management adalah..

Fracture Collar bone

control bleeding and cover all wounds
check fo=r fractures - open, closed or complicated
ask the casualty not to move the injured part
immobilize fractures with slings, bandages or splints to prevent movement at the joints above and below the fracture
watch for signs of loss of circulation to the foot or hand
move the casualty only if there is danger to you or the casualty
handle gently
observe casualty carefully and manage shock if necessary
seek medical aid.

Fracture Upper Arm
Sympton and signs

pain, made worse by movement of the shoulder
history of a fall onto the outstretched arm or elbow
the casualty may support the arm at the elbow and incline the head towards the injured side
the shoulder appears to be lower than the uninjured side
tenderness and swelling around the collarbone

Management
follow the general rules for fracture management
support the arm on the injured side .
seek medical aid.

Fractured upper arm
Symptons and signs

pain
loss of function
swelling
the casualty may support the injured arm below the fracture.

Management
follow the general rules for fracture management

If the injury is closed to, or involves the elbow:
lay the casualty down, supporting the injured area
check the pulse at the wrist and the colour of the hand and finger
gently place the injured limb on supporting material by the side of the body. Do not bend the elbow
immobilize the arm firmly to the body with broad bandages
tie bandages in front on the uninjured side
check the pulse
seek medical aid.

If the injury is not close to the elbow:
apply a collar and cuff sling
do not support under the elbow. Allow the elbow to hang freely
place soft padding between the elbow area and the chest
immobilize the arm with two broad bandages (or narrow ones for a small person): - one above the fracture, over the arm and surround the chest . - the other below the fracture
tie off the bandages in front on the uninjured side
check the pulse
seek medical aid.

other information can get the label

http://members.tripod.com/~RCSSAS/fractures.html